Apothecary shops became a recognized part of most communities during the eighteenth century as manufacturers began to produce medications for national distribution. These shops required ways to attract customers and equipment to prepare these new products.
Italian tin-glazed earthenware jar, or albarello, containing theriac (ca. 1641)
Drug jars were used to store pharmaceuticals for thousands of years. Shapes varied, and the popular albarello jars date back to the eleventh century when they were common in the Middle East, remaining popular in Europe into the eighteenth century. The term meant “little tree” and this jar was cylindrical in shape with inner curving sides and an open top that was covered with parchment. In the fourteenth century, containers began to be made with a mixture of tin, lead, and potash though porcelain was very popular in the manufacture of drug jars, particularly in France at the end of the eighteenth century.
Theriac was an ancient magical curative that contained up to one hundred ingredients.
Sixteenth to seventeenth century earthenware jar
Sixteenth to seventeenth century earthenware jar
Sixteenth to seventeenth century earthenware jar
seventeenth century gallipots
Earlier types were called “gallipots” since they were brought to England from the Mediterranean in ships' galleys.
species jar, ninetenth century
This is a large container found in some apothecary shops with rather fragile script on the inside.
late nineteenth century variety of labeled glass pharmacy bottles
Glass containers for storing different chemicals and medications came in many different styles.
European powdered mummy container (ca. 1600–1800)
Artifacts from the departed were sure to provide mysterious and powerful cures. In the twelfth century, Western physicians prescribed mummy powder for conditions including nausea, seizures, headaches, paralysis, and as an antidote for poisoning.
Spanish Fly or cantharides (Lytta vesicatoria)
Cantarides was a urethral irritant and was marketed as an aphrodesiac.
Genoese medicine chest of governor Vincenzo Giustiniani (ca. 1565)
There were many ways for medications to be stored at home throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and cabinets ranged from small portable cases to large ornate medicine chests. The latter came in many shapes and were used to hold liquids and powders in labeled bottles and canisters. There was often a “secret” compartment in the rear to hold poisons while drawers in the front held all the necessary accessories, including a mortar and pestle, graduated cylinder, medicine spoon, and scales.
early British medicine chests
(left): medicine chest with hand-held scales (ca
1860); (right): late nineteenth century triptych style apothecary chest
calomel bottle from a medicine chest
Mercury is an ancient medcation that was used as a purgative and as a treatment for syphilis. There were risks to its use including salivation, hair loss, and renal failure.
early items used in the manufacture of pills and suppositories (late nineteenth century)
(left): marble and brass pill machine; (top right): Stoke’s suppository machine # 3 by Whitall and
Tatum, (middle): pill silverer (The formed pills were coated with mucilage such as acacia and syrup and then shaken in the pill silverer with gold or silver leaf.), (middle bottom): pill rounder, (right): pill tile by Wedgewood with a vaginal and rectal suppository brass molds, (bottom right): brass urethral suppository mold
portable Buggy Bag (ca. 1875)
This portable collection of medications allowed physicians to take a small pharmacy with them to treat their patients.
Hoff's saddle bag
This is another way doctors in the western United States were able to bring medications with them on their home visits to patients.
Harprer's Weekly and the doctor's saddle bags
early nineteenth century earthenware Janus
Janus was a Roman god and guardian of doorways that often could be found hanging outside the apothecary shop, its two faces used to demonstrate the “before and after” beneficial effects of the powders, lotions, and ointments inside. Incidentally, Janus was also the god of “beginnings”, marking the start of an endeavor, and was the genesis of the name for the first month of the year, January.
standing show globes
Apothecary show globes have been associated with the pharmacy trade for centuries, and they appear to have originated in the British Isles, but their purpose remains open to much speculation. Some believe that alchemists of the sixteenth century placed strangely colored liquids in glass containers to lend an air of mystery and magic in order to attract customers. Others speculate that the red color warned passersby of plague or other diseases inside the city, while green was a sign of safety. The red and blue colors may also have represented arterial and venous blood. These wonderful works of art were available in either hanging or standing styles.
(left) “art deco” (ca. 1930), others late nineteenth century, probably by Whitall, Tatum, and Co.
hanging show globes, late nineteenth century
(left): stained glass show globe with gargoyle bracket by Banks Druggist’s Fixtures, Co.; (right): hanging show globe by Whitall, Tatum, and Co. with lion bracket
hanging show globes
(left) by Whitall, Tatum & Co.; (right): globe by Clark, Woodward, and Co. (ca. 1909)
a British carboy
This is a large British show globe; a similar type was made in the United States.
large British beam scale (ca. 1880) by W. and T. Avery
Scales used for weighing medications were first seen in Egypt in about 1500 B.C. and by the nineteenth century, those found in apothecary shops were often quite large and ornate. Physicians, however, frequently carried small sets of scales to individually measure medications in their offices or at the bedside. This is a large British beam scale (ca. 1880) by W. and T. Avery.
bronze mortars with pestles
The mortar and pestle remain the modern symbols of the apothecary shop, and pharmacists have used them for grinding and mixing medications for hundreds of years. Composition varied and included vessels made of wood, stone, bronze, Wedgwood, porcelain, and glass. At the turn of the last century, pharmacists rightfully stopped using metal for fear that some of the material might be escaping into the medications.
(left) late fifteenth-century in the Gothic style with ribbed handles; (right): Burgundian mortar and pestle
(1638)
African mortar and pestle
This is an elephant vertebral body and rib used as a mortar and pesrtle by a Maasai witch doctor in Kenya (nineteenth century?).
crocodile cork press
The crocidile has had a relationship to medicine dating back to the Egyptians and its form can be seen in various medical settings into the nineteenth century.